Fluoride (F⁻)
Role in plants
Fluoride has no nutritional role and is toxic at low concentrations.
Toxicity symptoms
- Leaf tip and margin necrosis
- Chlorosis
- Reduced photosynthesis
- Accumulation in older leaves
Natural sources
- Fluoride-bearing rocks
- Some groundwater sources
Man-made sources
- Industrial emissions
- Phosphate fertilisers (trace contamination)
Plant interaction form